Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract worldwide, with significant regional variations in its epidemiological characteristics. Traditional treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limited efficacy and substantial adverse events, which can no longer meet clinical needs. In recent years, immunotherapy has brought new breakthroughs for CRC by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and blocking tumor immune escape. This review systematically summarizes the core mechanisms and clinical applications of major immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and oncolytic viruses (OVs).
We focus on individualized treatment selection for different molecular subtypes (pMMR/MSS vs. dMMR/MSI-H), biomarker screening, efficacy evaluation, drug resistance mechanisms, and countermeasures. We also discuss novel targets and biomarker optimization for precision therapy. In addition, given the unique immune-related adverse events, we introduce the CRC "SSEIE" nursing model and its value in whole-process management. This review integrates the latest advances in CRC immunotherapy and nursing interventions, providing a reference for optimizing clinical regimens, improving nursing quality, and enhancing patient prognosis.
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